William Lloyd Garrison :: essays research papers

William Lloyd Garrison: Uncompromise During Times of Compromise      William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) was an American columnist and resolute abolitionist. Battalion got well known during the 1830s for his inflexible condemnations of servitude.      Garrison carried on an upset youth. His family lived in neediness. What's more, his dad was a lush, and when Garrison was three years of age, his dad abandoned his family and never returned. In this way, with the nonappearance of an empowering father figure in his life, Garrison would endeavor to pick up acknowledgment somewhere else.      Effected constantly Great Awakening, Garrison formed into an incredibly attentive and strict man. Battalion accepted that bondage was a transgression and was an unfairness. In 1831, he started distributing the Liberator, a powerful paper that fervently excited brutal open response in both the North and the South. In any case, the abolitionists of Garrison's time were a minority. The Liberator, distributed until 1865, never had in excess of 3,000 endorsers, and it never made a benefit. In this manner, most would agree that Garrison's objective was not to get princely through this distribution.      Garrison utilized his strict, abolitionist perspectives to raise himself into prestige. He needed individuals to hear his perspectives. Because of his abolitionist causes, Garrison declared, 'I am in earnest—and I won't equivocate—I won't excuse—I won't retreat a solitary inch—and I will be heard.';      Garrison illuminated Americans with his philanthropic sensibilities, however his intentions were not benevolent. He needed individuals to favor him, yet he didn't offer any medication to facilitate the injuries of racial strain. His multitudes of partners developed, however this was steady. All things considered, with no genuine proposals on how the bondage issue could be settled, he acknowledged the Civil War as fundamental.

Wireless and Mobile Technologies Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Remote and Mobile Technologies - Case Study Example e of this conversation is to utilize the contextual investigation of Delta Airlines and exhibit the manner in which versatile and remote advancements can be utilized for pulling in new clients and conveying authoritative assignments as a method of improving business productivity. Versatile innovation alludes to the cell correspondence dependent on convenient innovation (Smyth, 2004). The innovation incorporates the utilization of dial-up administrations and remote conventions access to the web. Then again, remote advances allude to a wide range of correspondences where transmission of data occurs over a characterized separation without the assistance of wires, links or any electrical channel (Webb, 2010). For instance, Infrared remote correspondence is utilized for information or data in gadgets with infrared radiation establishment Portable and remote correspondence advances are utilized to improve client support in business settings. Clients can utilize remote correspondences or portable processing alternatives to get to client relationship the executives frameworks. Remote association permits the business to refresh client subtleties from a remote area. Delta uses cell phone applications and Wi-Fi to make a 24-hour client assistance during flights (News.delta.com, 2015). The innovations give incredible adaptability in working. Portable figuring gives amazing arrangements that can be gotten to through a system. For instance, Delta targets making an enduring voyaging experience and refreshing clients about flights and ticketing through remote and portable stages. Clients get data through cell phones and online life on the most proficient method to book tickets and catch next flights. Portable and remote advancements are utilized to keep creation or administration arrangement issues under tight restraints (News.delta.com, 2015). Firms produce items or offer administrations with no gross blunders. The security and wellbeing of Delta clients rely upon how well they can follow their gear and stuff during the flight. Establishment of a Wi-Fi framework where clients can

Surprising Results on Wearing Headphones and Productivity

Surprising Results on Wearing Headphones and Productivity Headphones have become something of a necessity. Almost everyone carries a pair in their pocket or bag, and the devices have slowly inched their way into the work place.If you walk into most offices, there is a big chance that you will find a few employees sporting headphones over their ears as they work.This is especially common in offices with open plan layouts.A study of over 1000 employees and employers conducted by Cloud Cover Music found that more than half of employees regularly use headphones at work.The use of headphones at work has sparked a raging debate.One group believes that listening to music while working acts as a distraction, making employees less productive.Some companies even have an official policy against wearing headphones at work.The other group â€" people who like working while wearing headphones â€" on the other hand, believe that headphones actually make them more productive.Which of the two groups is right?Let’s take a look at the effect of wearing headp hones on productivity to find out.NOISE AND DISTRACTIONS IN THE WORKPLACEThere are several factors that contribute to people being unproductive at work.Some of these â€" such as social media use and mobile devices â€" are self-inflicted, while others are caused by the environment around your work zone.For instance, if your office building is located near a busy highway, the constant noise from passing traffic can be a huge distraction.If you are a freelancer working from home, noise from your neighbor’s music system or kids laughing outside your door can make it impossible for you to concentrate on your work.Sometimes, the distraction might even come from your co-workers.Actually, co-workers are one of the biggest sources of distraction.Very often, your co-workers will interrupt your concentration to share a joke or tell stories unrelated to work.This is especially common in offices with an open plan layout.Headphones provide an easy and effective way of keeping away such distract ions.With headphones covering your ears and some soft music playing, you are unlikely to hear the noise from traffic or the kids laughing outside your door, thereby increasing your concentration.If you are in the office, wearing headphones is as effective as sticking a “DO NOT DISTURB” note on your forehead.Your co-workers are less likely to interrupt you when have headphones over your ears.And if they do try, you are unlikely to hear them anyway.So effective is this at keeping interruptions away that some people wear headphones without necessarily listening to any music.HOW THE OPEN-PLAN OFFICE BROUGHT HEADPHONES TO THE WORKPLACEThe idea behind the open plan office layout is to foster creativity and collaboration between workers.In an open plan office layout, there is no privacy.All employees sit in the same open space and can easily talk to each other.The idea is that this will create a fertile ground for spontaneous brainstorming, leading to the flowering of innovative ideas. While the open plan layout does contribute to collaboration and creativity, it can be a productivity killer for jobs that require deep work (intense, unbroken concentration on the task at hand).To avoid being constantly being interrupted from their work by their colleagues, many people working in open plan office layouts started wearing headphones as a signal that they were busy and therefore should not be disturbed.BENEFITS OF WEARING HEADPHONES AT WORKSome of the advantages of wearing headphones at work include:Tuning Out ColleaguesDistractions are the greatest factor that keeps employees from doing their jobs, and ironically, the greatest source of distractions is other employees.Every office has a chatty employee who is constantly looking for opportunities to talk to other employees instead of engaging in his or her work.When you have some work to get done, you will obviously need to shut out such colleagues so that you can give 100% concentration to your work. Headphones are pe rfect for tuning out such colleagues.With headphones over your ears, your colleagues will be less tempted to come to you with gossip, complaints, or other conversations which only waste time.According to the study by Cloud Cover Music, 46% of the participants reported that they have used headphones as a way of avoiding conversations with colleagues so that they can concentrate on their work.In his book Deep Work, Caltech professor Cal Newport talks about the necessity of eliminating all distractions and immersing yourself deeply into cognitively difficult tasks.Cal Newport says that in the modern world with its constant distractions, the ability to engage in deep work on a daily basis is akin to a super power, one of the most valuable skills in this century.In a typical open-plan office, it is next to impossible to carve out time for deep work. Cal Newport explains that deep work only happens when you work for an extended period without interruptions.Interruptions steal your focus. By the time you get back in the groove, you realize you have lost a lot of precious time.Examples of jobs that require deep introspection and long hours of concentration to come up with creative solutions include jobs such as coding and writing.For people working in such jobs, headphones are a universally recognized code for “I am busy. Talk later.”Some people don’t even listen to any music.All they do is put on the headphones and concentrate on their work. When you have headphones on, people will only call for your attention if they have something urgent and important to tell you.The use of headphones as a way of avoiding conversations with coworkers differs from industry to industry.Employees working in the technology, transportation, marketing and advertising and scientific industries are more likely to use headphones to tune out coworkers, as well as people working in warehousing and government and public administration.Aside from tuning out chatty colleagues, headphones a re also good for canceling outside noises that might be distracting you, such as noise from traffic or a colleague who is on phone.According to the survey by Cloud Cover Music, about 30% of employees regularly use headphones primarily for blocking outside noise.Enhanced Mood And Increased CreativityAccording to University of Miami associate professor of music education and music therapy Teresa Lesiuk, there is a strong link between listening to music you like and good moods.According to Lesiuk, when you listen to music you like leads to mild positive moods.Being in such mood states allows you to take in more options, which can in turn increase your creativity.Nice music also activates your brain’s pleasure centers, which in turn stimulates your thinking areas and leads to improved creative problem solving capabilities.Gets You in the ZoneThe Zone is a term that is mostly used when referring to athletes. When Kobe or James Harden is having a good day out on the court, we say he was in the zone.It’s not just athletes who have access to this state of mind, though.Anyone who is skillful at a particular task can find themselves drifting off into the zone and working at an elite level that feels as if they have some superhuman powers.When you are in the zone, it seems like you can do no mistakes. Everything you do goes right.If you are writing a report or an article, insights and the perfect words drop into your head seemingly from thin air, with practically no gap between the idea forming in your head and your fingers typing it down.When you are in the zone, it feels is as if your body and your mind have become one, and there is absolutely no space between ideation and execution, no doubts, no hesitation, just perfect clarity and courage.You lose sense of space and time and become fully immersed in whatever you are doing. You also experience a high, a heightened pleasure.Believe it or not, being in the zone is a psychologically proven state of mind. The psychol ogist CsíkszentmihályiMihály was the first to conduct detailed study into this highly focused mental state, which he named “flow”.The professional definition of flow is a mental state of operation which enables a person to be fully immersed in an activity, experiencing a feeling of energized focus, total involvement, and taking enjoyment in the process of the activity.You might be wondering about the connection between being in the zone and headphones.In order to get into this highly focused mental state, you first need a deep concentration on whatever task you are working on.However, it is next to impossible to achieve such levels of concentration in a noisy, disruptive environment.Some people use headphones to block these external distractions and deeply concentrate on their work, which in turn allows them to get into the zone and become super-productive.Increased ProductivityHaving music playing in your ears can boost on your productivity, especially when you listen to mus ic that has no lyrics.Classical music is a good example.Music that only consists of instruments is great because lyrics tend to distract you.The only time music that has lyrics can help boost your productivity is if you listen to the same playlist over and over again when you are working until it becomes so repetitive that it recedes in the background.Listening to music as your work is motivating and puts you in the mood to be active, which in turn pushes you to put more effort into your work.Of course, this will depend on the type of music you are listening to.Certain types of music might also make you meditative, and are useful when you are doing cognition-heavy tasks.When listening to music with the aim of boosting your productivity, the music should not be new or strange to your ear.It should be something that is highly familiar to you, which is why we advise listening to the same playlist over and over.The music recedes into the background and unobtrusively motivates you, drive s you, helps you immerse deeply into your work with zero distractions even when your environment is noisy.Music Makes Some Tasks BearableWhile most jobs today require a lot of concentration, there are still jobs that require one to perform relatively mundane tasks that don’t require much thought or focus.For instance, someone doing data entry does not require intense concentration on their work.When doing such tasks, your mind can easily wander.After 20 minutes, you realize that you have been daydreaming and haven’t done anything.Donning your headphones and playing some music can help make such tasks more enjoyable and bearable, allowing you to finish the work faster.TYPES OF MUSIC THAT BOOST PRODUCTIVITY As I have mentioned, not all types of music are appropriate for productivity.Various studies have shown that some types of music can be more beneficial in encouraging creativity, blocking out background distractions, and relieving feelings of stress to help you concentrate bett er compared to others.The following six types of music will help give your productivity a boost:Classical MusicA research conducted by J. S. Jenkins found that classical music can help people become more efficient at performing tasks. This theory is referred to as “the Mozart Effect”.According to the theory, when you listen to classical music compositions, your brain activity is enhanced, which can in turn be a catalyst for improving your productivity.Several other studies have confirmed that listening to classical composers like Beethoven and Mozart enhances your ability to manipulate shapes and solve spatial puzzles.Furthermore, classical music typically consists of instruments only and no lyrics.Lyrics are distracting. Certain compositions also help students concentrate on their studies longer and retain more information. Baroque music, a form of classical music, has also been shown to help increase the mood and concentration of radiologists in their work.Nature MusicImagine the sound of waves crashing on rocks by the sea shore or a trickling, babbling brook rushing down a mountain side. The sounds of nature are soothing and meditative.Listening to them puts you in a calm, relaxed state of mind. They enable you to focus on your tasks. On the other hand, jarring nature noises such as animal noises and bird calls can be distracting.Research done at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute has shown that natural sounds help boost your mood and focus.According to the study, people are more productive and have more positive feelings when nature sounds are playing in the background as they work.This explains why writers and painters are historically known for retreating to the countryside or the beach or a wood cabin to immerse themselves in their work.You can download nature music on internet sites such as YouTube and try it out when you are working.One of the benefits of nature music is that the sounds of nature mask the harsh, distracting noises like people ar ound you chatting or typing, without themselves distracting you.Therefore, listening to nature sounds as you work can help improve your productivity and enhance your cognitive abilities.Cinematic MusicFilm scores are also brilliant music to listen to while working.Think about the trailers of adventure, action, or epic movies, such as The Lord of the Rings score.Many of these cinematic music tracks are inspiring and have an epic sound to them.They are grandiose and magnificent. Imagine listening to that when working.Even when performing the most mundane tasks, the grandeur of the music makes you feel as though you are involved in something that will change the world.Cinematic music helps motivate you. It lifts your spirits and brightens you mood.If you have been working for long hours and your ardor is flagging, playing an inspiring cinematic music track on your headphones will heighten your focus and motivation, and put you back in the game.Video Game MusicThis might sound like an o dd suggestion, but video game music is actually a great focus tool.You see, every element in a video game is designed to create an immersive gaming experience that hijacks all your senses.Video game music is designed to help a gamer focus on the game without getting distracted by the external environment.It does not contain any lyrics or human voices to distract you. It is fast-paced, so it puts you in a mood to be active and relentless at your tasks.Consider that video games consist of puzzles and simulated, intense, stressful challenges. In spite of all these, gamers are able to enter a state of hyper-focus and perform at a heightened state of mind.Video game companies invest resources to develop the ideal music that can help you focus on a task for hours.Video game music can, therefore, come in handy even in a regular workplace to help an employee focus on work and boost productivity.HEADPHONES ARE NOT GOOD IN ALL KINDS OF JOBSWhile wearing headphones will help boost productivity in some jobs, this does not mean that wearing headphones is good in all types of jobs.In some jobs, it is advisable to avoid using headphones while working.These types of jobs include:Intrapersonal JobsThese are jobs that rely on interactions with other people.A good example of intrapersonal jobs include customer service and sales.When you work in such jobs that requires you to be on constant interactions with other people, your attention should be on these other people, not on your own thoughts.For instance, as a customer service rep, you should be attentive to your environment, listen to customers, and anticipate the need of customers before they voice them.The same is true of secretaries who should at all times be attentive to the office environment, be alert to receive phone calls, and anticipate their boss’s needs.For people in such jobs, always having their headphones on will hinder their interactions with other people, which in turn interferes with their ability to do thei r jobs satisfactorily.Physically Risky JobsMost office jobs are not physically involving, therefore there is little risk of physical danger resulting from lack of awareness of your immediate environment.Other jobs, however, are more physically involving and come with a certain level of physical risk.A good example of a physically risky job is any job that involves the use of machinery.For instance, anyone who works in a factory is at a high risk of injury, should anything unexpected happen.The same is true of jobs that involve working with chemicals.Physically risky jobs require workers to be highly alert to their environment at every moment.In such jobs, wearing headphones presents a risk instead of boosting productivity.For instance, if a fire broke out at a factory, which is highly likely, a worker wearing headphones might miss the fire alarm, thereby putting his life in danger.Similarly, someone wearing headphones in a warehouse might not be alert to an oncoming forklift, thus p utting himself at risk of injury.Another good example of a physically risky job is driving.A driver or someone riding a motorbike would put their life at risk if they put on headphones when they are on the road.Such a person should always remain alert and aware of what is happening on the road.WRAPPING UPUltimately, the debate on whether headphones should be worn at work or not boils down to personal choice.Some people find that they are more productive when they have their headphones on, while others will find listening to music while working to be disruptive.The kind of music to listen to when working will also vary from person to person.Some people will be more productive when listening to soft rock music, while others might will prefer hip hop, and yet others will prefer classical music.If you feel that your work environment is full of distractions and chatty colleagues that you would like to avoid, donning earphones can be a good way of doing this.Even if you don’t find liste ning to music to be a boost to your productivity, you can still cancel outside noises and stop colleagues from disturbing you by wearing headphones without any music playing.However, if you work in any job that requires constant alertness and awareness of your environment, you should avoid wearing headphones at work.

Fitness Trainer Course - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 630 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/05/15 Category Sports Essay Level High school Tags: Fitness Essay Did you like this example? The two types of training I am going to discuss today are aerobic, and anaerobic. It is important to know the difference between these two types of training.The first type isaerobic whichoccurswith the use of oxygen, or requiring oxygen (Hatfield, 2018, p. 108). The second one is anaerobic which is the opposite of aerobic and it occurs without the use of oxygen (Hatfield, 2018, p. 109). When you are performing an exercise it is either aerobic, or anaerobic training your body is experiencing. Your cardiovascular system is at work during aerobic exercises as this typically involvesexercises on atreadmill, stepper, or a bike (Hatfield, 2018, p. 108). When you are at a steady pace the slow twitch muscle fibers in the bodycome into play during the aerobic exercises. This is a contrast to the response to anaerobic training as this type of training greatly increases the bodys functional capacity for development of explosive strength and maximization of short-term energy systems ( Hatfield, 2018, p. 109). This is when the fast twitch muscle fibers come into play. The heart rate during these two types of training have similarities as they both average fora conditioned person of 60 bpm or less (Hatfield, 2018, p. 49). If you fall into the deconditioned category with no exercise you may havea resting heart rate of about 80 bpm or more (Hatfield, 2018, p. 49). The adaptations the body undergoes over time for aerobic training include an increase in the size and number of mitochondria and greater myoglobin content, the aerobic capacity of the muscle tissue is then enhanced (Hatfield, 2018, p. 108). So when this occurs the muscles fibers are able to boost the fat burning capabilities (Hatfield, 2018, p. 108). When you look at the adaptations of anaerobic exercises you can see how the fast-twitch muscle fibers begin to grow in their size and an increased tolerance to higher levels of blood lactate, increase in enzymes of glucose breakdown and an increase in muscle resting levels of ATP, CP, creatine, and glycogen content (Hatfield, 2018, p. 109). As a future personal trainer it will be important to have an understanding of aerobic, and anaerobic training for my clients. I will help educate them on the differences andutilize the formula that is presented on page 49 of the text between a conditioned person, and a deconditioned person. This helped me get a more accurate idea of where I was when I started my training years ago as it made me see the extra work my heart was beating as a deconditioned person. I will help my clients see that the two types of training go more hand and hand as you can incorporate exercises that fulfill both types and get the results you desire. I will explain the health benefits of how your cardiovascular system is strengthened with these training types. Aerobic exercises can help relieve stress, lower the risk of heart disease, slow the aging process, improve the quality of sleep, and improve mental sharpness (Hat field, 2018, p. 304). I will also educate my clients on the effects of overtraining and how you must listen to your body when you are exercising. My trainer I had would make me stop even when I wanted to keep on going as she felt that I was pushing myself way too hard during anaerobic strength training. I was pushing a sled with a lot of weight on it, and my foot slipped at one point. I wanted to keep going, but my trainer could see that I was exhausted and I wasnt listening to my body. So it is important to listen to your trainer as we are the ones who are supposed to look for signs like this to help keep our clients accountable as well. I found it was so easy to focus while in the training zone that I would ignore the fatigue I was feeling. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fitness Trainer Course" essay for you Create order

Rogerian Argument Definition and Examples

Rogerian argument is a negotiating strategy in which common goals are identified and opposing views are described as objectively as possible in an effort to establish common ground and reach an agreement. It is also known as  Rogerian rhetoric, Rogerian argumentation, Rogerian persuasion, and empathic listening. Whereas traditional argument focuses on winning, the Rogerian model seeks a mutually satisfactory solution. The Rogerian model of argument was adapted from the work of American psychologist Carl Rogers by the composition scholars Richard Young, Alton Becker, and Kenneth Pike in their textbook Rhetoric: Discovery and Change (1970). Aims of Rogerian Argument The authors of Rhetoric: Discovery and Change explain the process this way: The writer who uses the Rogerian strategy attempts to do three things: (1) to convey to the reader that he is understood, (2) to delineate the area within which he believes the readers position to be valid, and (3) to induce him to believe that he and the writer share similar moral qualities (honesty, integrity, and good will) and aspirations (the desire to discover a mutually acceptable solution). We stress here that these are only tasks, not stages of the argument. Rogerian argument has no conventional structure; in fact, users of the strategy deliberately avoid conventional persuasive structures and techniques because these devices tend to produce a sense of threat, precisely what the writer seeks to overcome.... The goal of Rogerian argument is to create a situation conducive to cooperation; this may well involve changes in Format of Rogerian Argument. When presenting your case and the case of the other side, the style is flexible with how you set up your information and how long you spend on each section. But you do want to be balanced—spending an inordinate amount of time on your position and only giving lip service to the other side, for example, defeats the purpose of using the Rogerian style. The ideal format of a written Rogerian persuasion looks something like this (Richard M. Coe, Form and Substance: An Advanced Rhetoric. Wiley, 1981): Introduction: Present the topic as a problem to solve together, rather than an issue.Opposing position: State the opinion of your opposition in an objective manner thats fair and accurate, so the other side knows that you understand its position.Context for the opposing position: Show the opposition that you understand under what circumstances its position is valid.Your position: Present your position objectively. Yes, you want to be convincing, but you want the opposition to see it with clarity and fairly as well, just as you presented its position earlier.Context for your position: Show the opposition contexts in which your position is also valid.Benefits: Appeal to the opposition and show how elements of your position could work to benefit its interests. You use one type of rhetoric when discussing your position with people who already agree with you. To discuss your position with the opposition, you need to tone that down and break it into objective elements, so the sides can more easily see areas of common ground. Taking the time to state the opposing sides arguments and contexts means the opposition has less reason to get defensive and stop listening to your ideas. Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument In the 1970s and into the early 1990s, some debate existed about whether women should use this conflict-solving technique. Feminists are divided on the method: some see Rogerian argument as feminist and beneficial because it appears less antagonistic than traditional Aristotelian argument. Others argue that when used by women, this type of argument reinforces the feminine stereotype, since historically women are viewed as nonconfrontational and understanding (see especially Catherine E. Lambs 1991 article Beyond Argument in Freshman Composition and Phyllis Lassners 1990 article Feminist Responses to Rogerian Argument). (Edith H. Babin and Kimberly Harrison, Contemporary Composition Studies: A Guide to Theorists and Terms. Greenwood, 1999)

Pepsi vs. Coca Cola Free Essays

As a result, the company has no difficulty in borrowing money since creditors prefer lending money to liquid firms. Long Term Solvency * The total debt ratio has decreased by 12. 863% because total assets have increased more than total debt. We will write a custom essay sample on Pepsi vs. Coca Cola or any similar topic only for you Order Now * The debt-equity ratio has decreased by 31. 25% since the company’s total equity has increased. * The Equity Multiplier has decreased by 20. 202% as a result of the increase in total assets. * Overall, the company has become less solvent, and its leverage has decreased as a result of the increase in total assets and equity.In this regard, the company is in a good position and can pay off its long-term debt as it becomes due. Asset Management * The inventory turnover has decreased by 4. 839% because the inventory increased and the cost of goods sold decreased. * The day’s sales in inventory have increased by 5. 080 % since the inventory turnover rate has decreased. This is an indicator that extra inventory is lying around and that more unnecessary expenses may occur. * The receivable turnover ratio has increased by 1. 192% because of the decrease in sales and the decrease in account receivable.The company collected more sales in 2009 than in the previous year. * Therefore, in order to further improve Pepsi’s management of assets, the company can increase its sales, thereby increasing its receivables turnover, as well as minimize the cost of goods sold. Profitability * The company’s profit margin has increased by 18. 182% due to the increase in net income and the decrease in sales. * Return on assets has also increased by 7. 143% due to the increase in total assets being larger than the increase in net income. * The 16. 67% decrease in the company’s return on equity was caused by the rise of total equity which was larger than the increase in net income. * Overall, the company has increasing in profitability due to increased sales and thus higher revenue. However, equity increased more than net income, resulting in a negative ROE between 2008 and 2009 Valuation * The earnings per share have increased by 17. 445%, meaning that the market value of the stock has increased between 2008 and 2009. * The price earnings ratio has dropped by 5. 510%, meaning that investors in 2009 were willing to pay slightly less per dollar of earnings than in 2008. The price sales ratio has increased slightly by 0. 8% between 2008 and 2009, meaning that the Pepsi’s stock has improved slightly based on its own past performance. * Overall, despite the drop in price earnings ratio, Pepsi has increased the value of its stock. By increasing investor incentives and demand, Pepsi can also regain positive numbers in its future price earnings ratios Part Two: Coca Cola Coca Cola was chosen as the benchmark company because not only is it categorized within the same food and beverage industry segment as Pepsi, it is also a leading company in this industry. Ratio Analysis: Coca Cola COCA COLA RATIOS:| | 2009| 2008| Percent Change (%)| Liquidity| Current Ratio| 1. 27| 0. 93| 36. 559| | Cash Ratio| 0. 67| 0. 38| 76. 316| | NWC to Total Assets| 0. 078| -0. 02| -490. 000| | | | | | Solvency| Total Debt Ratio | 0. 490477| 0. 494756| -0. 865| | Debt Equity Ratio| 0. 092| 0. 135| -31. 852| | Equity Multiplier| 1. 96| 1. 97| -0. 508| | | | | | Asset Management| Inventory turnover| 4. 71| 5. 2| -9. 423| | Days’ Sales in Inventory| 77. 49| 70. 19| 10. 400| | Receivables Turnover| 8. 24| 10. 33| -20. 232| | | | | |Profitability| Profit Margin (PM)| 0. 22| 0. 18| 22. 222| | Return on Assets (ROA)| 0. 14| 0. 143| -2. 098| | Return on Equity (ROE)| 0. 27| 0. 28| -3. 571| | | | | | Valuation| Earnings Per Share (EPS)| 2. 95| 2. 51| 17. 530| | Price-Earnings (PE) Ratio| 19. 32| 24. 30| -20. 494| | Price-Sales Ratio| 4. 85725| 4. 729334| 2. 705| Short Term Liquidity * The current ratio increased by about 36. 5% because the increase in current assets is significantly larger than the increase in current liabilities. * The NWC to total assets has increased as a result of the increase in total assets. The cash ratio has increased in 2009 by 76. 316% since the increase in cash was larger than the increase in current liabilities. * The increase in cash and current assets has rendered the company more liquid. Similar to Pepsi, Coca- Cola won’t face difficulties in borrowing money as high liquidity is an attribute creditors analyze when lending to firms. Long Term Solvency * The total debt ratio decreased by 0. 865% because of an increase in total assets. * The debt-equity ratio has declined by 31. 852% as a result of the increase in total equity and the increase in total debt. The company’s equity multiplier has decreased by 0. 508% due to the increase in total assets accompanied with a smaller increase in total equity. * Overall, the company has become less solvent because its total equity and total assets have increased. * Improving the solvency of the company would involve increasing its debt by taking out more loans and increasing the company’s assets through the purchase of capital or an increase in sales. Asset Management * The company’s inventory turnover rate decreased by 9. 423% since the cost of goods sold has decreased and the inventory increased.Inventory was transferred into sales less rapidly in 2009 than in the previous year. * Days’ sales in inventory for the firm increased by 10. 4% because inventory turnover rate has increased. Although there was a rise in the days’ sales in inventory, the increase is smaller than that of Pepsi. Therefore Pepsi was selling more inventory than Coca Cola. * The receivables turnover rate has decreased by 20. 232% because of the increase in accounts receivable and the decrease in sales. Therefore, with a lower receivables turnover, the company is not operating as effectively as the previous year. The ratios show that the company did not improve its asset management; thus, Coca Cola could further enhance its asset management by increasing sales. Profitability * Coca Cola’s profit margin increased by about 22. 2% because of the decline in sales and the increase in net income. * The company’s return on assets (ROA) fell by 2. 098% since the increase in total assets was greater than the increase in net income. * The return on equity (ROE) of the firm has declined by 3. 571% due to the increase in total equity which was greater than the increase in net income. * The company, therefore, has shown an increase in profitability.This was caused primarily by the rise in net income. By increasing sales, the company can increase its revenues and, accordingly, raise its net income. Valuation * Earnings per share increased by 17. 53% meaning that Coca Cola was selling shares for 0. 44$ more in 2009 than in 2008. Thus, Coca Cola has increased the value of its shares. * The Price Earnings Ratio has decreased by about 20. 5% since the market value has dropped somewhat between 2008 and 2009. * The price sales ratio has increased by about 2. 7%, this means that investors are expecting relatively higher growth from Coca Cola in the future because the 2. % increase indicates that Coca Cola is doing relatively better compared to its past performance. * Coca Cola has shown an increase in earnings per share and price sales ratio, despite a drop in the price earnings ratio, by increasing sales and stimulating consumer and investor demand, Coca Cola can continue to increase all three. Part Three: Recommendations and Comparison between Pepsi and Coca Cola Since 2008, both Pepsi and Coca Cola have increased their overall liquidity; neither firm will face any significant issues if they should need to borrow in the future, as liquidity is a major factor considered by lenders. Both Coca Cola and Pepsi have become less solvent; this was due to the increase in total assets and equity, without a similar increase in liabilities. This decrease in solvency is on the one hand a benefit, as it means the companies are both able to pay off debts as they come due, however, low solvency can also be an issue as it indicates low financial leverage. A way to mitigate this problem would be for both firms to acquire more debt, thereby increasing liabilities and thus increasing solvency. In terms of asset management, Pepsi did slightly better than Coca Cola between 2008 and 2009.While Coca Cola was unable to increase sales relative to its increasing accounts receivables, Pepsi, on the other hand, was still able to keep its receivables turnover slightly increasing between 2008 and 2009. Both Pepsi and Coca Cola saw profitability increase between 2008 and 2009, however, return on equity for both companies decreased during the year because equity increased and a disproportiona te rate compared to net income. To remedy this, both companies could be less apt to increase equity at such a high rate compared to net income. In terms of market value, both Pepsi and Coca Cola had overall increases in their share value. However, both companies endured decreases in their price earnings ratio (Coca Cola almost five times less than that of Pepsi), meaning that investors, between 2008 and 2009 were willing to invest less per share in both companies. Overall, between 2008 and 2009, despite enduring similar trends, Pepsi fared slightly better in terms of asset management, profitability and market value in comparison to Coca Cola’s performance References: Google Finance Investopedia. com Moneycentral. msn. com How to cite Pepsi vs. Coca Cola, Papers

The Effect of Cyber Society on Personal Relationships free essay sample

As more people opt for on-line relationships, they may find it more difficult to conduct face-to-face relationships. This paper explains how the Information Highway will affect the society in a manner that cannot yet be imagined and instead of a means of uniting the world the author feels that the technological revolution is creating a divide within society furthering social stratification and changing the dynamics of interpersonal relationships. From the paper: As the communications revolution reaches its climax the society is increasingly becoming virtual. Millions of Internet users are logging one every day and interacting with each other over the Internet. Where once socialization was limited within borders today, the society is increasingly becoming borderless as the Internet creates a global world. Chat systems like MSN and AOL Messenger, ICQ and MIRC have captured the peoples imagination and no longer is there a need to have personal face-to-face meetings. The interactive softwares allow a user to have web conferences, meetings and chat with more than one person at a time. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Cyber Society on Personal Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Society is becoming impersonal as concepts like cyber love and cyber world emerge.

Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities

The three fundamental concepts of security are availability, integrity, and confidentiality. These concepts are commonly referred to as CIA or AIC triad which form the main role of any security program.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Confidentiality prevents unauthorized disclosure of company’s data and ensures secrecy of the company’s data and information. Confidentiality should be maintained at all times while data is within the company’s network or during transmission through the network to its destination (Parikka 2007). Threat sources associated with confidentiality include network Monitoring, monitoring key strokes or screen, stealing of password files, social engineering. Countermeasures are encrypting data during storage and transmission by using network padding, employing strict ac cess control mechanisms and data classification, training personnel on proper procedures. Associated threat sources include viruses, logic bombs and backdoors. Countermeasures include strict access control, intrusion detection and hashing. Availability ensures reliability and accessibility to data and resources to authorized individuals, malicious attacks and threats. There is a set of mechanisms used by firewalls to protect networks from unauthorized access and allowing access to the authorized once. Below is a figure of a firewall.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company has two working firewalls, threats associated with firewalls, as software, include penetration, i.e. hackers being able to get into the companies machines (Ludwig 1996). This may be a result of a misuse of the software (Firewall) where the firewall is configured or modified by a person who doesn†™t understand internet security or it is turned off. As a result of malfunctioning of the firewall viruses, trojan horses, or worms, may gain access to the network causing serious damage or loss of data and information. In addition, computers may also be destroyed in case of such attacks. Firewall may also develop bugs and flaws leading to its malfunction. Unauthorized deletion is yet another threat to the company’s network as there will be no control of access. It is thus very important that we ensure firewalls of the company are well configured and updated often. Windows 2008 Active Directory Domain Controllers (DC) – These are servers that control access to the network resources. Domain controllers work with computers with Windows NT Operating system. The company has two DC. One is the main or primary DC that controls access to the network resource and the secondary DC which acts as a reserve just incase the primary DC fails or assists the Primary DC when busy e.g . during heavy network traffic. The main threat associated with DC is Password cracking by hackers (Ludwig 1993). A hacker is any unauthorized person trying or having gained an access to the network resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hacking in to the company’s network can be prevented by changing of passwords often, using strong passwords that are not easy to guess and lastly by ensuring that the company hires employees that are loyal and can’t disclose passwords to strangers. Web / FTP server – This is an application (.html) running the File Transfer Protocol. FTP is the protocol in which files are transferred through the internet, it also provides file security. These threats can be prevented by proper configuration of routers and the IP protocol and by ensuring that the company has a secure Sockets Layer (SSL) which is a protocol that ensures secure transfer of data between Web browsers and Web servers. File server – This is a computer on a network responsible for providing a location for a shared file access or shared disk access, i.e. shared storage of computer files e.g. photographs, movies, documents etc. The three file servers in the company’s network face the likelihood of attacks from Viruses, Trojan horses or worms in case there is no firewall or it is malfunctioned, these elements may cause serious damage to the storage devices of the file servers, thus affecting shared disk access by other computers in the network. Exchange E-mail server – It works hand in hand with MS- Outlook. It enables users in a network to safely access communications like e-mail messages, instant messaging, and text messages from their devices such as desktops and mobile devices or Web browsers. Wireless access point (WAP) – Wireless application protocol is a secure specification providing instant communication access for users with wireless hand held devices such as mobile phones etc.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company’s wireless access point (WAP) faces the threat of eavesdropping which may expose the company’s confidential data and / or information to unauthorized people. Eavesdropping can be prevented by encrypting data packets sent from one device to another. The company’s wireless access point (WAP) is vulnerable to attacks from viruses, Trojan horses or worms that may cause difficulty or lack of communication in the company leading to serious problems and loss. To prevent attacks to the company’s Wireless access point (WAP), the firewalls must be in good working condition at all times. Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) –This is a system that detects unauthorized access to the network. It does this by monitoring the network traffic for signs of malicious activities. The company’s NIDS faces threats, such as denial of service attack tools such as firewalls that can block the malicious elements, programs or persons trying to access t he company’s network and cause destruction to the computers, alter the organization of data files or cause loss of data files leading the company incurring huge losses. To prevent such attacks and threats security measure needs to be put in place like ensuring that firewalls are installed and are working efficiently (Gunn 1984). Desktop / Laptop computers – A computer is an electronic device that accepts user’s data as input, processes it using special programs to more meaningful state that can be understood by the user as output called information. Computers face threats such as theft. This can be prevented by hiring guards and by ensuring that the computer rooms are burglar proofed. VoIP telephone system – VoIP stands for Voice over Internet Protocol. It is a digital telephone service that uses the public Internet and private backbones for call transport. VoIP calls can originate and terminate from regular telephones since support for the public switche d telephone network (PSTN) is also provided. Through VoIP telephone system the company faces the threat of eavesdropping which may expose the company’s confidential data and / or information to unauthorized people, resulting into exposure of confidential data to strangers (Hancock 1998). Eavesdropping can be prevented by encryption of data packets sent from one device to another. Proper implementation of security control should be put in place and adhered to for the company to be safe from the above attacks, threats, and vulnerabilities. These problems continue to make computer based operations difficult and unless proper measures are taken this problem will persist now and in the future. References Gunn, J.B. (1984). Use of virus functions to provide a virtual APL interpreter under user control. ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad archive (ACM New York, NY, USA), 14(4), 163–168. Hancock, B (1998). Steps to a Successful Creation of a Corporate Threat Management Plan. Computer Fr aud Security, (7), 16-18. Ludwig, M. (1993). Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution. Tucson, Arizona: American Eagle Publications, Inc. Ludwig, M. (1996). The Little Black Book of Computer Viruses. Tucson, Arizona: American Eagle Publications, Inc Parikka, J. (2007). Digital Contagions. A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses. Digital Formations. New York: Peter Lang. This essay on Identifying Potential Malicious Attacks, Threats, and Vulnerabilities was written and submitted by user Kingston I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

College Writing Essays - Dragon, Plinking, Colored Frog, Free Essays

College Writing Essays - Dragon, Plinking, Colored Frog, Free Essays College Writing Dr.Kissler Monday February 21 1998 As you are awakened by the shrill morning yelp of the local farmer?s rooster, you emerge from your hut in a small woodland village. The morning sun glistens slightly off the emerald green grass as the local villagers start about their work for the newly starting day. When you finally venture down the small wooden ladder that protrudes from your front porch, you take notice of the small brook that runs out toward the surrounding areas. Small children frolic around you gingerly like the wind blowing through the tall saw grass on a mid-western plain. All the while, the local merchants peddle their wares around to the local shoppers. As you look slightly to your left you notice a small group of people crowded around a merchants stand. The crowd grows larger and it draws your attention. When you finally get to the large group, which now resembles a group of bees buzzing and swarming around a beehive, you look in awe at the beautiful items the merchant has placed upon his table to draw the attention of the shoppers. Finally, as the crowd gets too suffocating for you, you head toward the small pond at the end of the townsquare that is the source of the tiny brook. As you plop down on a weathered rock a minute, topaz colored frog hops next to you and stares at you with bulging eyes as if it was staring into the deepest part of your being. As quickly and swiftly as the miniscule frog appeared, a slight plinking sound is heard as you watch your amphibious friend dive into the crisp, sparkling water. Looking at the water whets your palette, you decide to take a drink from the water. The cold water cuts like a razor, but at the same time feels so refreshing. Suddenly, a dark shadow passes over the glowing afternoon sun. You gaze up and see a gigantic silver winged dragon sweeping across the landscape and casting what seems like an eternal darkness on the tiny wooded alcove that you call your home. You gaze in awe as the glimmering light of the sun slowly starts to illuminate the townsquare once again, while the great beast soars off to toward the rocky crags that lie in the west. The sheer monstrosity of the dragon flabbergasts little children, many of whom have never seen such an awe-inspiring spectacle in their young lives. While you sit there and listen to the young children spin yarns to their friends about the sighting of the dragon, it reminds of the old villagers who sit on the porch of the local ale hall and converse with locals and travelers about days of yore. Once again you notice the light in the square growing darker, but this time it is from nature and not a winged creature. You decide to head back to your house, looking forward to the nice long sleep that awaits you as you fall into your soft, supple bed.

Summary 1 page about movie called (secret) Essay

Summary 1 page about movie called (secret) - Essay Example cally the movie promotes the idea of law of attraction which states that an individual should be focused towards his/her aims, objectives and wants and will ultimately receive them. Although it may seem as if the movie is promoting the notion that if an individual remains focused on his/her aims and objectives and works hard for them, he/she will achieve it. But the movie actually promotes the idea that just by focusing on aims and objectives and without making effort and individual can gain anything he/she desires. The movie projects the incident of Morris Goodman who narrates his story in which he unravels the secret through which he heals the issue of paralysis. Interviews are conducted in the movie in which physicians as well as trainers provide insight regarding the secret and the arts and science that is involved in it. It covers several instances of people who have been able to achieve several aims and objectives through the application of the

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum Coursework - 10

Leadership in Health Care Organizations Practicum - Coursework Example Integrity is not always easy to display and especially when it involves ones immediate superior as ripple effects might be dire and not worth it in the end (Huberts, Maesschalck and Jurkiewicz, 2008). This was one of those situations I found myself two years ago in my former employment. I was on off duty and was not supposed to come to work. However, I discovered I had forgotten some personal items and I went back to work around 8pm. I heard voices in the pharmacy but the door was locked which was strange. On investigation, I discovered my superior and another nurse taking drugs and putting them in a bag. This was stealing and I had to report it. I was however fearful of what the repercussions would be if I reported it but I did it anyway. A few months later I had to quit my job as the supervisor made my life impossible but at least I had stood up for my integrity. Integrity demands strength and not emotions. Emotions cloud one’s judgment and hence can prevent one from acting on the integrity. In order to be able to be a person with integrity and uphold it, it is important to remember what is important and that is to make things better and not worse. Separating emotions is therefore the key point in ensuring that one leads by example. In the above mentioned case involving my supervisor, if I had allowed emotions to cloud my judgment, i would not have reported him and hence would not have been displaying my integrity and not leading by example.

The hydrogen bomb

The hydrogen bomb INTRODUCTION The Hydrogen bomb was first suggested by Edward Teller in 1942 but active work on it was pursued in the summer of 1942 by Oppenheimer,Teller,Los Alamos and others. The first thermonuclear bomb was exploded in 1952 atEnewetak by the United States, the second in 1953 by Russia (then the USSR). Great Britain, France, and China have also exploded thermonuclear bombs, and these five nations comprise the so-called nuclear club—nations that have the capability to produce nuclear weapons and admit to maintaining an inventory of them. Several other nations either have tested thermonuclear devices or claim to have the capability to produce them, but officially state that they do not maintain a stockpile of such weapons; among these are India, Israel, and Pakistan. South Africas apartheid regime built six nuclear bombs but dismantled them later. What is Hydrogen Bomb? Hydrogen bomb is based on nuclear fusion reaction and it deriving a large portion of its energy from the nuclear fusion of hydrogenisotopes. The hydrogen bomb functions by the fusion, or joining together, of lighter elements into heavier elements.The hydrogen bomb is also known as a thermonuclear bomb because extremely high temperatures are required in order to initiate fusion reactions. Hydrogen bomb is based on process called â€Å"Nuclear fusion†. Nuclear fusion is the process by which atomic nuclei join together to form a heavier nucleus. The fusion of two nuclei with lower mass thaniron generally releases energy while the fusion of nuclei heavier than iron absorbs energy. In the simplest case of hydrogen fusion, two protons have to be brought close enough for their mutual electric repulsion to be overcome by thenuclear forceand the subsequent release of energy. H2+H3⇒He4+n+Q Energy release Q=17.6 MeV Design of hydrogen bomb All thermonuclear weapons existing in the world today appear to be based on a scheme usually called the Teller-Ulam design†. It contain the Staged explosion of fission (primary) bomb and fusion (secondary bomb). The fusion bomb is triggered by rapid shock driven compression (Ulam) which is enhanced by radiation pressure (Teller) from released X-ray and ÃŽ ³-ray flux. Primary fision device contain :- core: U239 and U235 plus H2+H3 Booster shell: U238 Tamper High explosive lenses Secondary fusion device contain:- Radiation Channel U239 PU spark plug Li6 ,H2 ,H3 fusion cell U238 Tamper Design of modern Hydrogen-bomb Hydrogen bomb design is based on a bomb casing containing implosion fission bomb and a cylinder casing of U238 tamper). Within the tamper is the Li6 Deuteride fusion fuel and ahollow rod of Pu239 in the centre of the cylinder. Separating the cylinder from the implosion bomb is a shield of U238 and plastic foam that fills the remaining space in the bomb casing The detonation of the trigger bomb will cause the following sequence of events: The fission bomb implodes, emitting X-rays. X-rays heat the interior of the bomb and the tamper prevents premature detonation of the fuel. The heat causes the tamper to expand and burn away,exerting pressure inward against the lithium deuterate. The lithium deuterate is squeezed by about 30-fold. The compression shock waves initiates fission in the plutonium rod. The fission rod gives off radiation, heat and neutrons. The neutrons enter the lithium deuterate and generate tritium. The combination of high temperature and pressure is sufficient for tritium-deuterium and deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions to occur ,producing more heat, radiation and neutrons. The neutrons from the fusion reactions induced fission in the uranium 238 pieces from the tamper and shield. Fission of the tamper and shield pieces produced even more radiation and heat . The bomb explodes. USES AND APPLICATIONS Hydrogen bombs are used as weapons in many countries. Apart from their use as weapons,nuclear explosiveshave been also tested and used for variousnon-military uses. When long term health and clean-up costs were included, there was no economic advantage over conventional explosives. Synthetic elements such aseinsteiniumandfermium, created by neutron bombardment of uranium and plutonium during thermonuclear explosions, were discovered in the first thermonuclear bomb test. In 2008 the worldwide presence of new isotopes from atmospheric testing beginning in the 1950s was developed into a reliable way of detecting art forgeries, as all paintings created after that period contain traces ofcesium-137andstrontium-90, isotopes that did not exist in nature before 1945. An important aspect of fusion energy in contrast to many other energy sources is that the cost of production isinelastic. The cost of wind energy, for example, goes up as the optimal locations are developed first, while further generators must be sited in less ideal conditions. With fusion energy, the production cost will not increase much, even if large numbers of plants are built. It has been suggested that even 100 times the current energy consumption of the world is possible.Some problems which are expected to be an issue in this century such asfresh water shortagescan actually be regarded merely as problems of energy supply. For example, in desalinationplants,seawatercan be purified throughdistillationorreverse osmosis. However, these processes are energy intensive. Even if the first fusion plants are not competitive with alternative sources, fusion could still become competitive if large scale desalination requires more power than the alternatives are able to provide.Despite being technicallynon-renewable, fusion power has many of the benefits of long-term renewable energy sources as well as some of the benefits of the much more limited energy sources as hydrocarbons and nuclear fission. Like these c urrently dominant energy sources, fusion could provide very high power-generation density and uninterrupted power delivery. RESULT AND DISCUSSION In 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, it killed at least 70,000 Japanese and many were injured. It is assumed that the hydrogen bomb is 1000 times more powerful than an atomic bomb.[5] So if we use fusion power as source of energy rather than weapons then it should be more beneficial for us. Fusion power would provide much more energy for a given weight of fuel than any technology currently in use,and the fuel itself (primarilydeuterium) exists abundantly in the Earths ocean: about 1 in 6500 hydrogen atoms in seawater is deuterium.Although this may seem a low proportion (about 0.015%), because nuclear fusion reactions are so much more energetic than chemical combustion and seawater is easier to access and more plentiful than fossil fuels, some experts estimate that fusion could supply the worlds energy needs for millions of years. Therefore Hydrogen bomb has both advantages and disadvantages but if we use fusion power as energy source then it should be more beneficial for all of us.

Candide Response

Arthur Johnson Western Letters – Professor Fayard Response Essay 2 10/29/12 Arthur Johnson Western Letters – Fayard 10/29/12 Response Essay #2 Francois-Marie Arouet De Voltaire shows in many instances in Candide that he does not buy into the idea of the Enlightenment. With Voltaire’s simple mockery of the idea of a perfect world with a perfectly good God, it is evident that he does not appreciate the idea that everything happens for a reason.Despite Voltaire holding these extremely negative views on whether or not there is a good God, if there is a God at all, he puts in place a character in Candide that arguably contradicts his hateful and pessimistic views on the idea that everything happens for a reason. Voltaire places an old lady in Candide, whom clearly suffers greatly, but continues to get out of her tragedies and makes the decision to continue on living life because living is worth every bit of pain and suffering that comes.This old lady contradicts Volta ire’s negative views on the idea that everything happens for a reason because she continually escapes from her tragic experiences. The old lady continues to reinforce the idea that there is a purpose for everything and that good will eventually come out from even the most evil of situations and scenarios. The old lady not only contradicts Voltaire’s hateful outlook on the idea that everything happens for a reason, but she to an extent revamps and matures Pangloss’ outlook on optimism.Instead of thinking that everything is great and perfectly good, the old lady believes that there are some horrible things in life, but living is worth every bit of struggle that comes along with it. In theory it would be safe to come to a conclusion that would suggest that the old lady believes that despite of all the horrific and brutal events that come with living, there are greater things in life that make suffering a worthwhile price. This idea would also fall into the idea tha t everything does indeed happen for a reason.The old lady used to live a promising life as the daughter of the pope and a princess, who was once seen by many as one of the most beautiful people women ever, a woman who had a body as beautiful as â€Å"the Venus of Medici†. For a better graphic, the Venus of Medici was a Hellenistic life-size classical statue, much like the Venus de Milo, that was a depiction of the Greek goddess of love, Aphrodite. The old lady was at one point in her life a modern day celebrity, but all of what she had going for her was stolen, and yet she continued to live.The old lady while in conversation with Candide and Cunegonde says â€Å"Imagine my situation, the daughter of a pope, only fifteen years old, who in the space of three months had been exposed to poverty and slavery, been raped almost daily, had seen her mother torn to pieces, had endured war and famine, and who is now dying of the plague in Algiers. As it happens, I didn't die† (Vo ltaire). Voltaire also makes a strong emphasis on the old lady losing one of her buttocks, but despite that she continues to get on her horse, and ride it with just one of her buttocks.The old lady has clearly suffered tremendously. She has been through more hardships and trials than Candide and Cunegonde ever have, even though they seemed to have suffered a lot themselves. Despite all of the pains and sufferings that this old woman has been through, she consistently chose not to loathe in self-pity, and also chose life over death one hundred out of one hundred times. If this old woman did not sincerely believe that there was a reason to live and suffer, then why in Heaven’s mind would she ever decide to continue to live a life full of painful and tragic events?Simply putting it, she would not be in her right mind to continue on living a life of pain and suffering if there was no greater payout or at least a small reason for her pains and sufferings. The old woman’s re ason for living, the old woman’s payout for all of her pains and sufferings, and the old woman’s reason for not loathing in self-pity and ending her life was because she enjoyed living life too much. The old lady says to Candide and Cunegonde, â€Å"a hundred times I wanted to kill myself, but always I loved life more† (Voltaire).On the contrary the old lady also mentioned that the notion of loving life while it is miserable is equivalent to holding on to existence in horror, but still clinging on to it or to fondle a serpent that devours until it has eaten our hearts away. The old lady labeled this notion that she carries and that many others carry as ridiculous, extremely weak, and one of human’s worst instincts. Yet, she still decided to endure the hardships, live in her self-labeled â€Å"weakness†, and continued on living a life that pays her with reasons in wanting to live out her life.There is never a crystal clear glimpse of why the old wom an loves living so much, but she does defy Voltaire once more at the end of Candide. While in conversation with Candide in the final chapter, the old lady says to Candide â€Å"I should like to know which is worse, being raped a hundred times by negro pirates, having a buttock cut off, running the gauntlet in the Bulgar army, being flogged and hanged in an auto-da-fe, being dissected and rowing in the galleys—experiencing, in a word, all the miseries through which we have passed—or else just sitting here and doing nothing? (Voltaire). Voltaire places Candide’s garden in Candide as another form of mockery to the idea that everything happens for a reason and their world is the best of all possible worlds. Despite Voltaire inputting the garden as a mockery to Candide’s â€Å"ignorant and ridiculous† philosophy on life, the old lady was not any happier than she was when she was being raped, flogged, beaten, or hung. The old lady was just as â€Å"mis erable† as she was during all of her actual tragedies and hardships she faced, and yet she still continued to love living life and not loathe in her self-pity.The old lady’s life is a testament to there being a reason to the events and tragedies that occur in life. All of the hardships, pains, and sufferings that enter the lives of people happen so that people can grasp and understand the greatness and love for living life. Much like the old lady, people have to endure the pains and sufferings of life because living and experiencing life is worth every ounce of lost blood, sweat, and tears.

Grief and Loss Essay

Losing someone or something we love is very painful. We may experience all kinds of difficult emotions and it may feel like the sadness will never let up. These are normal reactions to a significant loss. But while there is no right or wrong way to grieve —there are healthy ways to cope with the pain. Grief is a natural response to loss. It’s the emotional suffering we feel when something or someone we love is taken away. We may associate grief with the death of a loved one – and this type of loss does often cause the most intense grief. But any loss can cause grief, including: * A relationship breakup * Loss of health * Losing a job * Loss of financial stability * A miscarriage * Death of a pet * Loss of a cherished dream * A loved one’s serious illness * Loss of a friendship * Loss of safety after a trauma The more signifcant the loss, the more intense the grief. However, even subtle losses can lead to grief. For example, we might experience grief after moving away from home, graduating from college, changing jobs, selling our family home, or retiring from a career we loved. Grieving is a personal and highly individual experience. How we grieve depends on many factors, including personality and coping style, life experience, faith, and the nature of the loss. The grieving process takes time. Healing happens gradually; it can’t be forced or hurried – and there is no â€Å"normal† timetable for grieving. Some people start to feel better in weeks or months. For others, the grieving process is measured in years. Whatever grief experience, it’s important to be patient and allow the process to naturally unfold. (Bowlby 1977) In 1969, psychiatrist Elisabeth Kà ¼bler-Ross introduced what became known as the â€Å"five stages of grief.† These stages of grief were based on her studies of the feelings of patients facing terminal illness, but many people have generalized them to other types of negative life changes and losses, such as the death of a loved one or a break-up. The five stages of grief: * Denial: â€Å"This can’t be happening to me.† * Anger: â€Å"Why is this happening? Who is to blame?† * Bargaining: â€Å"Make this not happen, and in return I will ____.† * Depression: â€Å"I’m too sad to do anything.† * Acceptance: â€Å"I’m at peace with what happened.† If we are experiencing any of these emotions following a loss, it may help to know that our reaction is natural and that we’ll heal in time. However, not everyone who is grieving goes through all of these stages – and that’s okay. In fact, some people resolve their grief without going through any of these stages. And if we do go through these stages of grief, we probably won’t experience them in a neat, sequential order.(Parkes 1972) Kà ¼bler-Ross herself never intended for these stages to be a rigid framework that applies to everyone who mourns. In her last book before her death in 2004, she said of the five stages of grief, â€Å"They were never meant to help tuck messy emotions into neat packages. They are responses to loss that many people have, but there is not a typical response to loss, as there is no typical loss. Our grieving is as individual as our lives.† Instead of a series of stages, we might also think of the grieving process as a rol ler coaster, full of ups and downs, highs and lows. Like many roller coasters, the ride tends to be rougher in the beginning, the lows may be deeper and longer. The difficult periods should become less intense and shorter as time goes by, but it takes time to work through a loss. Even years after a loss, especially at special events such as a family wedding or the birth of a child, we may still experience a strong sense of grief. While loss affects people in different ways, many people experience the following symptoms when they’re grieving. Important thing to remember that almost anything that we experience in the early stages of grief is normal – including feeling like we’re going crazy, feeling like we’re in a bad dream, or questioning our religious beliefs. * Shock and disbelief – Right after a loss, it can be hard to accept what happened. Feeling numb, have trouble believing that the loss really happened, or even deny the truth. If someone we love has died, we may keep expecting them to show up, even though we know they’re gone. * Sadness – Profound sadness is probably the most universall y experienced symptom of grief. We may have feelings of emptiness, despair, yearning, or deep loneliness. We may also cry a lot or feel emotionally unstable. * Guilt – We may regret or feel guilty about things you did or didn’t say or  do. We may also feel guilty about certain feelings (e.g. feeling relieved when the person died after a long, difficult illness). After a death, we may even feel guilty for not doing something to prevent the death, even if there was nothing more we could have done. * Anger – Even if the loss was nobody’s fault, we may feel angry and resentful. If we lost a loved one, we may be angry at our self, God, the doctors, or even the person who died for abandoning us. We may feel the need to blame someone for the injustice that was done. * Fear – A significant loss can trigger a host of worries and fears. We may feel anxious, helpless, or insecure. We may even have panic attacks. The death of a loved one can trigger fears about own mortality, of facing life without that person, or the responsibilities we now face alone. * Physical symptoms – We often think of grief as a str ictly emotional process, but grief often involves physical problems, including fatigue, nausea, lowered immunity, weight loss or weight gain, aches and pains, and insomnia. The single most important factor in healing from loss is having the support of other people. People aren’t quite often comfortable talking about their feelings under normal circumstances, it’s important to express them when grieving. Sharing loss makes the load of grief easier to carry. Wherever the support comes from, it is important to accept it and do not grieve alone. It’s normal to feel sad, numb, or angry following a loss. But as time passes, these emotions should become less intense as we accept the loss and start to move forward. If we aren’t feeling better over time, or grief is getting worse, it may be a sign that grief has developed into a more serious problem, such as complicated grief or major depression. The sadness of losing someone we love never goes away completely, but it shouldn’t remain centre stage. If the pain of the loss is so constant and severe that it keeps us from resuming our life, we may be suffering from a condition known as complicated grief. Complicated grief is like being stuck in an intense state of mourning. We may have trouble accepting the death long after it has occurred or be so preoccupied with the person who died that it disrupting daily routine and undermines other relationships. (Simons 1979) Symptoms of complicated grief include: * Intense longing and yearning for the deceased * Intrusive thoughts or images of your loved one * Denial of the death or sense of disbelief * Imagining that your loved one is alive * Searching for the person in familiar places * Avoiding things that remind you of your loved one * Extreme anger or bitterness over the loss * Feeling that life is empty or meaningless Every person is individual and deal with grieving process differently ,however some people experience high level of distress which brings them to see the counsellor. (Stroebe,Schut & Stroebe,2005)People seeking counselling would quite often come for help with thoughts, behaviours, feelings or ability to coop. Sometimes grieving person realizes that counselling is the way to go sometimes family or friends would recognize the symptoms and recommend counselling to the grieving person. In both cases it’s counsellors responsibility to help the survivor to adapt to the change. There are certain principles and procedures than counsellor should follow to help client work through grieving process and come to a good outcome. 1, Actualize the loss Talking about loss may be very difficult for client. This can be encouraged by counsellor by asking appropriate questions: when this happened, how this happened, who told you about it, where were you†¦ some clients would need to go over and over it in their minds before they can be fully aware that it has happened. There is not a time scale for this and counsellor will have to follow clients own pace. Counsellor is in this stage clients listener and can facilitate the growing awareness of the loss and its impact by encouraging to verbalize current and past memories of the deceased. 2, Identify and experience feelings Many clients come to counselling as the are worried about what they are feeling. Some feelings can be very confusing and problematic such as anger ,guilt ,helplessness, loneliness, anxiety. Counsellor’s role is to ensure client that all these feelings are natural and are part of grieving process and help them to acknowledge these sometimes negative feelings. It is important not to leave client with negative feelings but to help them find balance between the negative and positive feelings as focusing on negativity may put client in the risk of complications in the bereavement and make them  suitable for medical treatment(Neimeyer 2000) 3, Assist adapt to the loss To achieve this counsellor may use problem solving approach. What are the problems that client is facing and how can this be solved? Counsellor can help to learn effective coping skills help with self esteem if needed .Good judgement of situation is necessary as during acute grief there is an increased risk of maladaptive response. 4, Help find meaning in the loss The specific ways in which people find meaning-strategies such as â€Å"there’s a spiritual order to the universe†,†she drank too much†,I needed to learn something†-may be less sailent than the process itself .In other words,the ability to reascribe meaning to a change world may be more significant than the specific content by which that need is fulfilled.(Schwartzberg and Halgin 1991,p.245) Finding meaning in loss is one of the goals of counselling. The process can be as important as the meaning. 5, Facilitate emotional relocation By this counsellor can help client find a new place in their own life which will help them to move forward with life. Some people don’t need any encouragement but there are many who do. Especially with loss of loved ones people are tended to feel that if they will move on it will dishonour the memory of the deceased or no one will ever fill the place of lost one. Counsellor can help client to realize that this is true to certain extend but it is all right to live and enjoy their own life. 6, Provide time to grieve Grieving requires time and every person deal with loss differently. Client may be going backward and forward in grieving process and counsellor is there to allow as much time as client needs. Sometimes family and friends seem to the grieving person as â€Å"they don’t understand† â€Å"they keep telling me what to do† etc. Counsellor can help interpret to family members that grieving person needs to accommodate to the loss. There is also a critical time periods which for grieving person is more likely to be difficult to coop with. This would be anniversaries, birthdays ,Christmas and holidays. It is advised to make a note of this dates as grieving person would often  need extra support .If these critical dates come after counselling treatment has finished it is advised to make an arrangements to contact client. 7, Allow for individual differences Grieving process has a wide range of behavioural responses and has strong individual differences in the intensity of reactions, pain ,length of time (Schvartzberg&Halgin,1991) Counsellor can help to explain these differences to the family as sometimes they expect everyone to grieve the same way. Of course client’s ethnicity, religion, upbringing and beliefs play major role in the process and counsellor has to be familiar with these factors. 8, Examine defences and coping styles When rapport between client and counsellor has developed clients are more willing to discuss their behaviour. Some of the coping styles can be dangerous( alcohol and drug abuse) and not making adjustment to the loss. Counsellor has to be alert and inquire about this as heavy drug or alcohol use can intensify the grief and depression. As a general rule, normal grief does not warrant the use of antidepressants. While medication may relieve some of the symptoms of grief, it cannot treat the cause, which is the loss itself. Furthermore, by numbing the pain that must be worked through eventually, antidepressants delay the mourning process. Counsellor can help with active emotional coping which seems to be most effective way to deal with bereavement. This techniques includes using humour ,reframing and redefining difficult situation. 9, Identify Pathology and refer In some cases counsellor may recognize a pathological difficulties in client’s behaviour .Some people will not be able to coop and will continue to struggle. This can develop to some type of complicated grief. .In this case counsellor will have to refer client for different type of psychotherapy. Left untreated, complicated grief and depression can lead to significant emotional damage, life-threatening health problems, and even suicide. To summarize grieving process is natural reaction to the loss It is personal highly individual experience. There is impossible to set a time scale or ask when grieving process is finished. Bowlby(1980) and Parkes (1972) both say that grieving is finished when a person completes the final  phase of restitution. There is a sense in which grieving can be finished when people regain an interest in life, feel more hopeful and adapt to the change. In lots of cases grief counselling is helpful but as a therapists we have to accept that not every grieving person needs counselling and for those who do need it counselling has to be customized as grief is unique to each individual ( Neimeyer,2000) References: Bowlby,J.(1980) Attachment and loss ,New York:Basic Books Kubler-Ross,E.(1969) On death and dying. New York:Macmillan Neimeyer,R.(Ed).(2001) Meaning reconstruction and experience of loss. Washington D.C :American Psychological Association Parkes,C.M.(1972).Bereavement:Studies of grief in adult life.New York:International University Press. Sanders,C. (1989 ) Grief:the mourning after.New York Wiley Worden,W.J.(2009) Grief counselling and grief therapy.A handbook for the Mental Health Practitioner New York: Springer Publishing Company

Presence Of Underpricing With Context To Indian Companies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1319 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The objective of the study is to investigate which factors are causing under-pricing of Indian IPOs. As well as it gives a deep knowledge of the Indian Stock market to the Author, as Author intents to have its own Investment firm. Introduction Firms often require raising capital in order to expand their operations. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Presence Of Underpricing With Context To Indian Companies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order One of the most popular ways for doing it is by Initial Public Offering. IPOs have history of initial first day gains which is also called money left on the table. If we 3 Hot issues with regards to IPO 1. Under pricing 2. The Hot Issue market 3. The long run underperformance Literature Review deals with the writings of the research topic which have been undertaken across the world. It includes books, articles, and research papers. Reasons for under pricing 1. Industry and Activity based classification 2. Reputation of Lead Managers 3. Informed institutional and uninformed individual investors. 4. Literature Review 1. What is the previous work already conducted on the same? 2. What are its weaknesses and Strengths? 3. Objective or issue of your research? 4. The Term Under pricing refers to lower offered price of an IPO then its listed price. Now once we know what is under pricing then the concern comes is that why is under pricing done and what makes us believe that under pricing exists? What are the forces behind it and who is benefitted from it? Our entire research revolves around these questions. Now our research country is India but does it exists in other part of the World as well. Well different academic researchers have conducted a research around this Topic from time to time and have come up with different findings and theories. Most of the Academics have found positive results with regards to IPO Underpricing. We will discuss the works of these academics in detail in next section however I would like to address the major findings of these writers with regards to the reason behind Underpricing. Theories of underpricing can be grouped under four broad headings: asymmetric information, institutional, control, and behavioural. Asymmetric information models assume that one of these parties knows more than the others, and that the resulting informational frictions give rise to underpricing in equilibrium. In stitutional theories focus on three features of the marketplace: litigation, banks ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ price stabilizing activities once trading starts, and taxes. Control theories argue that underpricing helps shape the shareholder base so as to reduce intervention by outside shareholders once the company is public. Finally, behavioural theories assume the presence of  ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½irrational ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½ investors who bid up the price of IPO shares beyond true value. (https://mba.tuck.dartmouth.edu/Pages/Faculty/Espen.Eckbo/PDFs/Handbookpdf/CH7-IPO%2005-24-06.pdf) Lines taken from Page 1 Abstract Lot of literature already exists with regards to presence of Underpricing. Let ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s have a view on them one by one and discuss the questions unanswered by these theories or existing literature. Baron ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s Model (1982) Leland and Pyle ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s Model (1977)/ Asymmetric Information Model: Leland and Pyle ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s gave t he concept of asymmetry information with regards to IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s. They suggested that quality and valuation of a project can be valued by value of shares retained by its on entrepreneurs. If a project is of really high value then entrepreneurs who have inside information about the project will personally like to invest more in their own projects and would keep more shares with them. On the other hand entrepreneurs who know that their projects are of low quality would be less interested in retaining more shares with them. Thus valuation of an IPO can be measured by the percentage of shares retained by its owners. If owners are retaining more percentage of shares with them then the project tends to be of high quality and if project is of low quality then owners will keep a lesser percentage of shares with them. Adverse Selection and Rock ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s Model of Winner ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s Curse Problem: Rock ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s model (1986) Information Acquisition: Be nveniste and Spindt ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s (1989) Prospect Theory: Loughran and Ritter (2003) Corruption Hypothesis: Loughran and Ritter (2003), Signaling Hypothesis: Welch (1989) supported signalling theory of IPO underpricing. According to it firms signal quality of IPO to less informed investors. This fact was supported by Allen and Faulhaber (1989) and Grinblatt and Hwang (1989). They said that when information asymmetries exist then investors are not able to distinguish between high quality firms and low quality firms. High quality firms then signal their quality at a cost too high which becomes difficult for a low quality firm to be replicated by discounting the offering price from market price. A Protection from Legal Liability Models of Book Building: Sherman ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s (2000) Research Methodology The Aim of this study is to understand extent of Underpricing which exist in Indian IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s. We will discuss the methodology which will be used to understand data of given IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s. Objectives of Study Following are the objectives which are kept in mind before conducting this study. 1. Existence of Regulatory framework regarding IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s data in India. 2. Presence of Underpricing from date of offer to date of listing. 3. Analyzing the IPO performance in Short Run and in Long Run for period of 3 years. 4. Examining Factors effecting price of IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s. Data and Methodology Data for the following research has been collected from NSE of India. Data is selected on below given criteria:- 1. IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s are listed in NSE at least before 3 years for short run and long run analysis of performance. 2. Data includes the following information:- Name of Organization, Offer P rice, listing price, Current Price and date of offering and listing. 3. Short Run Analysis: IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s from 1990 are included for study and research. Total number of companies are 4. Long Run analysis: IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s from 1990- 2007 are used to measure performance and underpricing in long run. 5. Factor influencing prices of IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s will be discussed to examine performance of IPO ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s. Results are computed to check the real value of the stock or its deviation from real value. Underpricing will be reflected if results computed are positive on the other hand if results are negative then it reflects that share are overvalued. Results will be analyzed for different time periods from One week to 6 Months. IPO return is computed as the difference between the closing price and opening price divided by the offer price. Where R_Return = Subscriber ¿Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½s initial return (hereafter raw return) P1= Closing price on the first day of trading P0= Offer Price Next thing which needs to be observed is time gap between application date and listing date. Generally Time Gap in India is quite large so it involves an opportunity cost. So we need to compute it as per changes in market. So the next equation would be Where MAER is Market Adjusted Excess Return M1= Closing Value of Market Index on First day of closing M0= Closing Value of Market Index on the Offer Closing Date Next thing comes is equation for checking price for different time periods from 1 week to 6 months so equation formed would be like this:- Now R_Ret.t =Raw return of stock at time t after listing day Pt= Closing price at the time t P0= Closing price on Listing day Similarly, the market adjusted excess returns are calculated for given time period by the following formula Hypothesis 1. Age does not contribute to price performance in IPO. 2. Size of Issue does not affect pricing performance of IPO . 3. There is no relation between subscription level and pricing information of IPO. 4. There is no relation between listing lead time and pricing performance of IPO. 5. Long Run underpricing is more than short run underpricing. Refrences 1. Allen, Franklin, and Gerald R. Faulhaber, Signaling By Underpricing in the IPO Market, Journal of Financial Economics, 23 (1989), pp. 303-323 2. Grinblatt, Mark, and Chuan Yang Hwang, Signaling and the Pricing of New Issues, Journal of Finance, 44 (June 1989), pp. 393-420. 3. Welch, Ivo, Seasoned Offerings, Imitation Costs, and the Underpricing of Initial Public Offerings, Journal of Finance, 44 (June 1989), pp. 421-449